GNSS RTK for demining territories

The issue of demining territories is a critically important aspect of modern security. Dangerous mines and bombs from past conflicts remain in various parts of the world, posing a threat to civilian populations and impeding infrastructure development. These unprovoked threats can lead to loss of life, property damage, and long-term economic losses. Following Russia's invasion of Ukraine, as of mid-October 2023, it was estimated that potentially 30% of Ukraine's territory - 174 thousand square kilometers - is potentially mined. To put this in perspective, this area is equivalent to three times the size of Croatia.

The use of modern technologies such as GNSS RTK is a promising method for precise localization and neutralization of dangerous objects. At the moment, the demining process does not include the concept of "get a route to...", but focuses exclusively on specific objects. In particular, this means identifying points on the map. In practical use, sappers identify potentially dangerous objects, and then enter their coordinates into the mapping system. Unfortunately, with this approach, a localization error of up to 30 meters or even more is possible.

Therefore, a high-quality metal detector compatible with RTK is necessary for successful and safe demining. This will allow not only to accurately determine the location of a potentially dangerous object, but also to record and lay out the route by which the specialist reached a specific point, how he moved around the territory and how he left it. RTK should become a necessary component in the implementation of demining tasks. This is especially true for engineering teams that thoroughly explore areas, taking every centimeter into account.

In this article, we will explore how RTK technology contributes to the effective solution of demining issues and ensures societal safety, as well as the role played by Geometer International LLC in this process.

The Role of GNSS RTK Technology in Demining Processes

Thanks to its high precision and reliability, GNSS RTK technology plays a key role in demining processes. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) allow for the determination of object coordinates, and the use of RTK technology enables this to be done with a high degree of accuracy, which is particularly important in detecting and removing mines and explosives. Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) systems add even greater precision, providing virtually instantaneous data correction and allowing for work with objects with centimeter-level accuracy. This significantly enhances the safety of demining operations, minimizing risks for professionals and ensuring accurate georeferencing of hazardous objects. Thus, GNSS RTK becomes an indispensable tool in efforts to clear territories of explosive items and ensure the safety of the population.

What is GNSS and RTK?

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is a network of artificial satellites orbiting the Earth, along with ground stations that provide continuous signal transmission. These signals allow a receiver to determine its coordinates in real-time, based on the time it takes for the signal to travel from the satellite to the receiver.

Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) systems are an advancement of GNSS technology. They allow for the enhancement of positioning accuracy to the centimeter level by using additional ground stations to correct satellite data. The RTK method provides a high level of real-time accuracy, making this technology highly effective in applications where precise positioning is required.

These two technologies, GNSS and RTK, form a powerful tool for accurate georeferencing of objects on the ground. They have found applications in various fields, from surveying and construction to agriculture and demining. In the context of demining, the high precision and instantaneous data correction provided by GNSS RTK play a key role in ensuring the safety and effectiveness of operations for detecting and neutralizing explosive devices.

Operation Principle of GNSS RTK

The operation principle of GNSS RTK is based on the use of two types of receivers: Base Station and Rover.

GNSS Base Station:

The Base Station is a GNSS receiver installed at a known geographic position and is typically connected to a static point called a reference station. The Base Station tracks signals from satellites and records data on the arrival time of signals from multiple satellites. To achieve centimeter-level positioning accuracy, one can use a personal base station or rent GNSS corrections from a network provider of reference RTK stations. Geometer International LLC is a Ukrainian manufacturer and supplier of GNSS Base Stations and a provider of satellite corrections from the Base Station network.

Mobile GNSS RTK Receiver (Rover RTK):

The Rover RTK is installed on a vehicle and is a standalone device whose coordinates need to be determined. It also tracks signals from satellites, but in addition, it maintains communication with the GNSS Base Station.

The operation principle of GNSS RTK is based on measuring the time difference between signals received by the Base Station and the Rover RTK from the same satellites. These differences allow for the correction of the Rover receiver's positioning in real time.

The connection between the Base Station and the Rover receiver can be established through various methods: radio communication, the internet, cellular communication, Wi-Fi, and other data transmission methods. The Base Station transmits correction data to the Rover receiver, which applies this data to improve the accuracy of its positioning.

Thus, the operation principle of GNSS RTK involves real-time correction of the coordinates of the mobile receiver using data obtained from the base receiver, ensuring high precision positioning at the centimeter level. This is especially crucial in tasks where high accuracy is needed, such as demining territories.

Application of GNSS RTK for Demining

GNSS RTK technology plays a crucial role in efforts to clear hazardous territories. Its high precision and reliability enable experts to effectively and safely detect and neutralize military objects, mines, and explosives. Here are several key areas where GNSS RTK performs exceptionally well:

• Accurate Localization of Explosive Devices.
  GNSS RTK provides virtually instantaneous and extremely precise positioning. This allows for the precise identification of the location of mines and explosive devices, facilitating their detection and neutralization process.
• Creating Precise Maps of Minefields.
  The combination of GNSS RTK technology with mapping software such as "geometer SCOUT", "SurPad 4.2" or others allows for the creation of detailed maps considering the placement of explosive devices. The use of the "MAPIOS" cloud platform enables automatic synchronization of measurements and cartographic records among colleagues working on demining. These created maps serve as a vital tool for planning and safely conducting demining operations.
• Monitoring and Documenting the Process.
  GNSS RTK enables real-time tracking of the movement of specialists and vehicles in the areas where demining work is being carried out. This helps monitor the safety of operations and make necessary corrections as needed. High-precision online trackers and GNSS receivers with RTK support are used for monitoring mobile objects. Achieving centimeter-level accuracy in positioning of mobile equipment in minefields, where visible landmarks may be absent, is crucial in the demining process.
• Enhancing Coordination of Rescue Services.
  GNSS RTK provides accurate positioning for everyone involved in the demining operation. This enhances coordination and communication among specialists, significantly improving the efficiency of operations and preserving lives.
• Reducing Work Time.
  Thanks to the high precision and speed of GNSS RTK, demining operations can be carried out more efficiently. This is particularly important in situations that require rapid response and minimization of time spent in hazardous territories. Achieving centimeter-level accuracy in positioning takes no more time than regular navigation.

Advantages of Using GNSS RTK Compared to Traditional Demining Methods

Utilizing GNSS RTK offers significant advantages in terms of accuracy, safety, and operational efficiency, making this technology a crucial tool in addressing mined territories. Here are some of them:

• High Precision and Reliability.
  Traditional demining methods may rely on visual detection of explosive devices or the use of metal detectors. GNSS RTK technology complements these traditional methods by providing precise geopositioning with centimeter-level accuracy and mapping of hazardous objects on a shared map (e.g., MAPIOS). This significantly reduces the risk of accidental detonation and facilitates accurate determination of the location of hazardous objects.
• Speed and Operational Efficiency.
  Traditional demining methods can be labor-intensive and time-consuming. GNSS RTK allows for expedited processes through swift and accurate localization of mines and explosives, optimizing resource allocation and reducing task completion time. Multiple teams can simultaneously perform tasks related to territory marking and demining, all guided by a unified map for marking, locating, and visualizing hazardous objects.
• Enhanced Safety for Demining Experts.
  The use of GNSS RTK minimizes physical contact with hazardous objects. This reduces the risk for experts working in dangerous areas and ensures a higher level of their safety.
• Precise Creation of Minefield Maps.
  GNSS RTK enables the creation of accurate three-dimensional models of the territories undergoing demining. This greatly improves the understanding of the distribution of explosive devices, aids in developing effective action plans, and contributes to making informed decisions.
• Resource and Time Savings.
  Thanks to the high efficiency and precision of GNSS RTK, resources previously spent on slower and less accurate demining methods can now be utilized more effectively. This also reduces financial costs and enhances overall operational productivity.

Examples of Successful Cases of GNSS RTK Application in Demining

These examples demonstrate the successful application of GNSS RTK in various countries to address demining challenges. The technology effectively reduces risks, accelerates demining processes, and ensures the safety of the population.

• Operations in Croatia after the War (1991-1995).
  During the post-conflict reconstruction period, Croatia successfully employed GNSS RTK technology for demining critical infrastructure objects such as roads, bridges, and power facilities. This ensured the safety of citizens and expedited the country's recovery process.
• Demining in Laos.
  Laos, one of the countries with the highest mine contamination levels, has successfully utilized GNSS RTK for more precise localization and disposal of explosive devices. This technology helps reduce risks for specialists and speeds up the territory clearing process.
• Project in Afghanistan (Mine Action Programme).
  As part of the demining program in Afghanistan, GNSS RTK was applied to create accurate minefield maps. This significantly enhanced operational efficiency and shortened demining time on mined territories.
• Demining in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
  As part of post-conflict rehabilitation, GNSS RTK technology was successfully used to detect and neutralize explosive devices in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This contributed to the restoration of infrastructure and improved population safety.
• United Nations Projects.
  Many demining missions and programs conducted by the United Nations in various countries have successfully implemented GNSS RTK technology. This enables the enhancement of the quality and efficiency of demining operations.

Prospects for Development and Recommendations for Further Use of GNSS RTK in Demining

The RTK technologies from Geometer International LLC open up new possibilities for enhancing the efficiency and safety of demining operations. The integration of GNSS RTK with drones and robotic equipment has become an essential component for successfully addressing challenges in this field. This method allows for the automation and optimization of data collection on mined territories, significantly accelerating and improving demining work.

The integration of GNSS RTK on drones and robotic vehicles brings several benefits:

• High Accuracy and Speed
  GNSS RTK provides centimeter-level accuracy in location determination. By utilizing this technology on drones and robots, it is possible to rapidly and accurately scan the territory, reducing data collection time and saving lives.

• Personnel Safety
  Robotic machines and drones with GNSS RTK capabilities can operate in hazardous conditions without human intervention. This minimizes risks for specialists working in mined areas.

• Wide Area Coverage
  Drones have an advantage in accessing hard-to-reach places, allowing for the coverage of large sections of mined territory. This makes the data collection process more comprehensive and efficient.

• Three-Dimensional Terrain Modeling
  GNSS RTK on drones enables the creation of three-dimensional relief models, which are crucial for analyzing mined areas and planning safe routes.

• Integration with Other Devices and Software
  In addition to GNSS RTK, drones and robots can be equipped with additional devices such as thermal cameras or metal detectors. This expands the range of capabilities for detecting explosive devices and creating accurate maps.

• Real-Time and Long-Term Data Storage
  GNSS RTK allows for the collection of high-precision data in real time, which is particularly important in dynamically changing conditions. Furthermore, data can be saved and analyzed later for making crucial decisions.